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ANDREW BRADFORD, 



Founder of the Newspaper Press 



MIDDLE STATES OF AMERICA. 



Andrew Bradford, 

Founder of the Newspaper Press in the Middle States of America. 



AN ADDRESS 



DELIVERED AT TIIE 



ANNUAL MEETING 

OF THE 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 

February 9TH, 1869, 

EY 

HORATIO GATES JONES. 

Published, with an Introductory Note, tn pursuance of a Resolution of the Society, 




PHILADELPHIA : 

KING & BAIRD, PRINTERS, No. 607 SANSOM STREET. 

1869, 



A*P\ 



OFFICERS 

in 

OF THE 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 



President, 
JOHN WILLIAM WALLACE. 

Vice Presidents, 

BENJAMIN H. COATES, HORATIO GATES JONES, 

AUBREY H. SMITH, JAMES L. CLAGHORN. 

Librarian, Treasurer, 

JAMES SHRIGLEY. J EDWARD CARPENTER. 

Cor. Secretary, Recording Secretary, 

JAMES R. SNOWDEN. SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY. 

Committees, 

LIBRARY, PUBLICATION, 

john jordan, jr., charles m. morris, 

john a. McAllister, edward penington, jr., 

richard l. nicholson, frederick d. stone. 

FINANCE, 

J. L. FENIMORE, JOSEPH CARSON, 

JAMES C. HAND. 

Trustees of the Publication Fund, 

JOHN JORDAN, JR. AUBREY H. SMITH, 

WILLIAM STRONG. 

Trustees of the Building Fund, 

JOHN WELSH, S. MORRIS WALN, 

CLARENCE H. CLARK. 

(5) 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 




OR the last few years the Historical Society of 
Pennsylvania, it has been noted, has been growing 
largely in public favor and importance. The 
munificent bequest of its former Vice President, 
the Hon. Henry D. Gilpin, and quite recently the 
testamentary benefaction of Mr. George W. Fahn- 
estock, whose untimely loss the Society yet freshly deplores, — 
the former an endowment in money and books, the latter in a 
collection of pamphlets of almost unexampled extent and richness 
in sources of American History — were among the manifestations 
to the public generally, more evident than others, less material, 
of the consideration which the body had attracted of late from 
scholars and from the lovers of American History. Its meetings 
are now beginning to be numerously attended ; and its pro- 
ceedings to have interest with the public throughout the State. 
It is, in fact, at this day an Institution of the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania. It would not therefore have been entirely 
surprising if the Annual Meeting of February, 1869, had brought 
together, under any circumstances, a large number both of 
citizens and strangers. The expectation of a discourse from 
one of the most valued members of the Society, on a historic 
character of the Province long connected with its earliest press, 

was, however, doubtless the specific motive which animated to 

(7) 



Introductory Note. 



their attendance, the numerous visitors, both ladies and gentle- 
men, who filled the Society's halls at the late Annual Meeting. 
The evening was one, every way, of unusual interest. A fine work 
of art — a historic picture from the pencil of Mr. Heaton — was 
presented by Col. James Ross Snowden, with some eloquent 
remarks. Many of the curious objects of the museum — includ- 
ing relics of Penn and Washington, rarely brought from the fire- 
proof repository of the Society — had been produced on this 
occasion for the view and inspection of strangers. The princi- 
pal event of the evening was, however, the Annual Discourse. 
It is now presented with the remarks of the President of the 
Society, Mr. Wallace, introducing the speaker. 

Having taken the chair at 8 o'clock and called the body to 
order, Mr. Wallace remarked, that the earliest sketch which 
had come down to us of the organic plan of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania, made: "a discourse by one of the 
members," to which " strangers should be admitted," a princi- 
pal feature of the Annual Meeting. And the earlier printed 
records of the body contained several papers of this sort which 
were valuable contributions to the history of the City and 
Province. The practice had fallen of later years, he believed, 
into some desuetude, owing, he presumed, to the labor and 
research required from any one who would present, with ful- 
ness and accuracy, early historical matters in Pennsylvania, or, 
indeed, as he supposed, in any of the States of the Union which 
made the " Old Thirteen." 

He was happy to say that on this, the evening of the Annual 
Meeting for 1869, the Society had the promise of a renewal of 
the excellent custom which had been contemplated as a perma- 
nent one by the wise founders of the body. Mr. Horatio 
Gates Jones had promised to read to it an essay on an useful 



Introductory JVote. 



and respected citizen of the Province. The Society had been 
already greatly indebted to Mr. Jones. Some years ago he 
gave to it a valuable historic sketch of the First Paper Mill 
built in British America ; an essay in which he proved conclu- 
sively that the manufacture of paper in America, so important, 
was first established, not near New York, as the people of that 
splendid city had been led to suppose, nor yet in New England, 
as the laudable ambition of our eastern cousins willingly believed, 
but on the contrary, was established here, in this unpretending 
region, and in what w 7 as now our own incorporated city ; its 
location having been on the banks of the Wissahickon ; where, 
the speaker observed, its foundations yet remained to show its 
early existence. 

On another occasion the Society was indebted to Mr, Jones 
for an essay upon the services rendered to physical science, and 
particularly to the science of Electricity by the Rev. Ebenezer 
Kinnersley, Professor of Oratory and English Literature from 
1753 to 1773 in the College of Philadelphia; an interesting and 
valuable essay, as all who heard it would remember. 

The Society was, this evening, to be favored, he understood, 
with a paper connected with the history of our early printing ; 
a subject of as great intrinsic interest as either of the others 
referred to, and perhaps more popularly engaging. Without 
further proem he begged therefore, to introduce to the audience 
the orator of the evening — well known to them all by good 
report, though not perhaps to all personally — Mr. Horatio 
Gates Jones, for many years the Corresponding Secretary of 
this Society, now one of its Vice-Presidents, and a member of 
numerous Historical Associations in the United States. 

Mr. Jones, being thus introduced by the President, delivered 
his discourse, the subject of it being Andrew Bradford, who 



to Introductory Note. 

first established the newspaper press in the Middle Colonies. 
The discourse was listened to with close attention, and the 
interest of its valuable matter even heightened by the animation 
with which the speaker delivered it, and by numerous manu- 
scripts, pamphlets and larger books, with which he illustrated the 
discourse as he went along. At the conclusion of it, Mr. John 
A. McAllister, of the Executive Council, having made some 
appropriate remarks expressive of the great and renewed obliga- 
tion under which the Society was to Mr. Jones, offered the 
following resolutions, which, on motion, were unanimously 
adopted. 

~DESOLVED, /That the thanks of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 

are hereby tendered to HORATIO GATES JONES, Esquire, for his 

valuable, accurate, and instructive address commemorative of Andrew Bradford, 

one of the early and useful citizens of our Province, and the founder of the 

Newspaper Press of Pennsylvania. 

~DESOLVED, That Mr. JONES be requested to furnish to the Society a 
copy of his Address, for preservation among the Archives of the Society 
and for publication. 

'DESOLVED, That while the newspaper press of Philadelphia, independent, 
decorous and pure, is a monument worthy of its founder, ANDREW 
BRADFORD, there is yet due to his services from the men of this generation, 
some tablet or cenotaph more specially dedicated to his memory ; and that the 
subject of such a memorial is hereby referred to the Executive Council for consid- 
eration and future action. 

After a report by the Librarian, the Rev. Dr. Shrigley, on 
the state of the Library, by which it appeared that nearly 50,000 
pamphlets had been added to it by the will of the late lamented 
Mr. Fahnestock, the Society proceeded to the annual election 
of officers, when the tellers, Mr. Penington and Mr. Stone, 
reported the gentlemen whose names appear on the third page 
of the present tract as unanimously elected. After some other 
business of form the Society adjourned. 







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ANNUAL DISCOURSE, 

1869. 



Miv President, 

Ladies and Gentlemen: 




r?\ 



HE READING of historical essays and 

papers is prescribed as part of the 

regular proceedings of the Historical 

Society of Pennsylvania ; but it is a 

subject in the order of our business 

which we attempt more rarely than 

could be desired. The matter has 

some intrinsic difficulty. In regard to topics which 

have had much public importance, or in respect to 

persons who have filled a large space in the eye of 

their country, everything is already known perhaps 

to the world, as well as it could be set forth by 

any speaker who would be willing to address you. 

An opportunity for presenting this class of papers, 

occurs only when some character can be found who, 

(11) 



i2 Annual Discourse. 



without having filled any very conspicuous post in 
his day, yet occupied, in fact, a respectable place 
with credit and usefulness, and who, at the same 
time, stood at the humble origin of arts or insti- 
tutions which in later years have risen to so great 
magnitude as to give interest and dignity to every- 
thing connected with their early history — persons, 
nevertheless, who, sometimes from one cause and 
sometimes from another, and often from the acci- 
dental combination of several, may have left for the 
general knowledge, little besides their name. 

I have selected for the purpose of a plain, but 
I trust truthful, historic narrative this evening, the 
services of Andrew Bradford, an early citizen of 
Philadelphia, whose name was long and largely con- 
nected with the now much forgotten history of the 
early press of Pennsylvania. 

The interest which was exhibited in May, 1863, in 
the city of New York, when the great religious cor- 
poration of Trinity Church, the Historical Society 
of New York, and the municipal authorities of our 
sister metropolis, united on the two hundredth anni- 
versary of his birth, to do honor to the name of 
that eminent printer, William Bradford, and when 
the commemorative address was delivered at the hall 
of the Union, under the most auspicious circum- 
stances, by the Hon. John William Wallace, now 
the respected President of our Society, leads me to 



Annual Discourse. 13 

hope that a few words about the less gifted, less 
enterprising, but not less respectable or less suc- 
cessful son, will not be amiss before this audience. 

Andrew Bradford, the son of that William Brad- 
ford who first printed in Pennsylvania and New 
York, was born in Philadelphia in the year 1686. 
It is probable that he derived his Christian name 
from his maternal grandfather, Andrew Sowle, of 
London, an extensive publisher during the Common- 
wealth and Restoration. In 1693, when seven years 
old, he went, on the removal of his parents, with 
them to New York, and in that city, in his father's 
office, he was taught the art with which his name 
is connected in Pennsylvania. In those early days of 
our Province, a classical education was probably not 
to be obtained in the colonies which now form the 
Middle States. But, in common with those valua- 
ble men who were first born on our soil, and record 
the transition of its people's birthright from Eng- 
land to America, Bradford received such education 
as was taught, and it is likely, from parental counsel, 
those yet better principles of right conduct which lie 
at the foundation of character, and to which he owed, 
in earlier life than is common, such offices of trust 
and profit as were known in the primitive society of 
Philadelphia. His handwriting, specimens of which 
are preserved, indicate nothing like illiteracy. 

A pamphlet published in New York, with the 



14 Annual Discourse. 

imprint of William and Andrew Bradford, shows 
that in 171 1 he was probably in partnership with 
his father ; and the publication of the colonial laws 
of New Jersey, in 1732, with the same imprint, as 
"Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty for 
the Province of New Jersey," would indicate that 
the partnership continued for some years- 

In the year 1712, the subject of our sketch re- 
moved to Philadelphia, in which city his father had 
formerly lived, and where, notwithstanding he had 
separated from the Society of Friends, it would 
seem he maintained such friendly relations with that 
religious sect, as enabled him to secure to his son 
a press, of which the Friends were the proprietors.* 

In the same year, the statutes of the Province 
having become somewhat numerous, the Assembly 
determined to have the laws printed. As there was, 
at that early day, no other competent printer nearer 
than New York and Boston, it was probable that 
Andrew Bradford was induced, by the prospect of 
securing to his press in Philadelphia the patronage 
of the Province, in addition to that of the Society 
of Friends, to leave New York, and fix himself 
permanently in the city of his birth. He had pre- 
viously declined an offer from the State of Rhode 
Island. 

* See "The Friend," Vol. XVII. pp. 28, 44. 



Annual Discourse. 15 

The journals of the Pennsylvania Assembly record, 
that on the 3d of Twelfth month, 171 2, a pro- 
posal from him, on the subject of printing the laws, 
was read in the House, and a committee having 
been chosen on the 10th of that month to contract 
"with such printer as they shall think fit to print 
the laws," an arrangement was soon after concluded 
with him. An estimate furnished to the House for 
composition and press work of the book, exclusive 
of paper, &c, was 100/. ; and 50/. of the Province 
stock was placed in the hands of seven persons, 
who, with the Speaker, were appointed to superin- 
tend the publication and to procure five hundred 
copies of the works when finished. The order con- 
cluded as follows : 

" What it amounts to more by a true account of the whole 
" expense and one credit given for the sales made of the same 
u books, produced to the Assembly for the time being, the same 
" shall be a debt chargeable on this Province, to be paid out of 
" the public stock thereof." 

The faith of the Province being thus pledged to 
sustain his enterprise, Bradford soon afterwards 
issued the work, well known to the profession in 
Pennsylvania as "Bradford's Laws of 1714," a folio 
volume of 184 pp. It bears the following title: 
" The Laws of the Province of Pennsylvania^ collected 
into one volume, by order of the Governor and A~ssern- 



1 6 Annual Discourse. 

bly of the said Province. Printed and sold by Andrew 
Bradford, in Philadelphia, 17 14." The advertisement 
to the reader informs him that "all the laws made 
and in force are printed at large, and the titles only 
of those that are repealed, expired, or obsolete, with 
the times when they were enacted, are set down in 
their proper order, whereby such as would have 
recourse thereunto may with more certainty apply to 
the originals or the record where they are entered." 
In consequence, however, of the action of the Queen 
and Council, who entertained, it is known, constant 
jealousy of the colonial legislation, many of the acts 
thus "printed at large" were repealed in England, 
and became of no more value than those of which 
" the titles only were set down " in their proper 
order. The publication, which was a considerable 
enterprise, became, of course, unsaleable, and Brad- 
ford having represented the case to the Assembly, 
an honorable recognition of the fact was made by 
that body, with a compensation of 30/. for the loss 
he had incurred. 

Bradford was afterwards appointed cc Printer to 
the Province." Careful research has failed to ascer- 
tain the year when this monopoly was granted, but 
he held the place until 1730. In 1728, the legisla- 
tion of the colony having become more settled with 
the accession of the Georges, Bradford again pub- 
lished, by order of the General Assembly, the Laws 



Annual Discourse. 17 

of the Province.. This publication, which contains 
352 pages, was, like the last, in folio. Both volumes 
are books of authority, and both were creditable to 
the state of the Art at that day. It is known that 
a careful collation was made for the edition of 17 14 
with the original rolls ; and I am not a'ware that 
the edition of 1728 is less correct. Of course, they 
are now referred to more in the history of our 
Law than in its practice ; although in them are also 
found many enactments still in force in this State. 

From 17 1 2 to 1723, when Keimer came here, 
Andrew Bradford was the only printer in Pennsyl- 
vania. His office at this time was in Second street, 
at his paternal sign of the Bible. Attached to it he 
had a large store. His earlier advertisements show 
that commerce in our city was in a very elementary 
state for the first third of the eighteenth century. 
In common with the advertisements of all the "great 
merchants" of the time, they announce an assortment 
(mostly imported) of things seemingly quite incon- 
gruous. "Jesuit's bark, very good Bohea tea, choco- 
late, molasses, new rice, pickled sturgeon, Spanish 
snuff, dressed deer skins, superfine lampblack (made 
at his own factory) and beaver hats, some with silk 
linings."* As the wealth of the Province increased 
and its advancing civilization encouraged the outlay, 



* See Keimer's Gazette, No. 8. Pennsylvania Journal, No. 1238 and 1297. 



1 8 Annual Discourse. 

they show a better kind of enterprise, and after 
1730 announced "choice parcels of stationery lately 
imported from London, Dutch quills, blank books, 
royal, medium, demy and post paper, good slates, 
choice ink powders and japanned ink, sealing-wax and 
wafers, including crown and half crown wafers for 
offices, folio letter cases, very good paper, as royal 
demy, superfine large post, foolscap, gilt paper for 
letters,* fine glass ink fonts, very nice ink-stands of 
various sorts, and most kinds of stationery ware." 

A considerable book store and book bindery for 
binding his own publications, and such work as the 
citizens of that day needed, were connected with his 
press, and formed part of his large establishment. 

But the name of Andrew Bradford deserves a 
place in the history of the Province, more durable 
than that which it could derive from any of the 
incidents already mentioned. His father, William 
Bradford, established the first printing press known 
in the Middle States. The subject of this sketch, 
following in the footsteps of his enterprising father, 
founded the first newspaper. * On Tuesday, December 
22, 17 1 9, he issued the first number of the American 
Weekly Mercury ', a journal which he conducted with 



* The importation of gilt paper indicates that the Province was growing in wealth 
and increasing in attention to points of elegance and etiquette. The use of this sort 
of paper for elegant or special correspondence was formerly considered quite a matter 
of propriety, as much so as the use of wax or the monogram now is. 



Annual Discourse. 19 



profit to the close of his life, a term of twenty- 
three years. It announces its general object to be 
" the encouragement of trade." Local news, obitu- 
ary notices, and personal literature, which now occupy 
and often abuse so large a space of our public 
papers, appear to have had but small room given 
to them in the Mercury. Foreign news, commercial 
statistics, custom-house entries, including those of all 
considerable ports along the coast, and especially of 
New York and Boston, took their large and regu- 
larly allotted space; and there are occasional liter- 
ary communications and extracts from English 
classics. Until May 25, 172 1, John Copson, a book- 
seller, seems to have been connected with Bradford 
in its sale ; but after that date his name disappears 
from the imprint,* which becomes "Philadelphia; 
printed and sold by Andrew Bradford at the Bible \ in 
Second street, and also by William Bradford, in New 
York, where advertisements are taken in." His father's 



* Mr. Thomas, in his History of Printing, Vol. II., pp. 325-6, gives the following 
account of this paper: " It was printed on a half sheet of postj but occasionally 
appeared on a whole sheet from types of various sizes, as small pica, pica and English. 
It was published weekly, generally on Tuesday, but the day of publication was varied. 
In January, I74§ , the day of the week is omitted ; and it is dated from January 13 
to January 27. After this time it was conducted with more stability 

" In No. 22, two cuts, coarsely engraven, were introduced, one on the right, the 
other on the left of the title 5 the one on the left, was a small figure of Mercury 
bearing his caduceus ; he is represented walking, with extended wings ; the other is a 
postman running at full speed. The cuts were sometimes shifted, and Mercury and 
the postman exchanged places. 

"The Mercury of December 13, 1739, was 'Printed by Andrew and William 



20 Annual Discourse. 

name had appeared as early as June 9, 1720, in 
No. 26. 

In April, 1728,* Andrew Bradford, succeeding it is 
probable Mr. Henry Flower, was appointed post- 
master to the Province of Pennsylvania, an office 
which he held until October, 173*1. But concerns 
of a public character did not withdraw his regards 
from his art, nor deaden his interest in either it or 
the literature of. his country, which, in the humble 
manner of his literary abilities, he endeavored to 
spread, improve, and perpetuate. Having removed 
his establishment and Bible in 1738 to a more com- 
modious place, No. 8 South Front street, (a place 
owned and occupied as a printing office for nearly 
a century afterwards by his great nephew arid great 
great nephew, Thomas and William Bradford,) then 
the business centre of Philadelphia, he issued, in 
1741, the first number of "The American Magazine 
or Monthly Review of the Political State of the 
British Colonies," a work for which the time was 
not yet ready, and which, like a rival enterprise 



Bradford,' and September II, 1740, it had a new head, with three figures well 
executed j on the left was Mercury ; in the centre a town, intended, I suppose, to 
represent Philadelphia; and on the right, the postman on horseback; the whole 
formed a parallelogram, and extended across the page from margin to margin. This 
partnership continued only eleven months when the Mercury was again printed by 
Andrew Bradford alone. The typography of the Mercury was equal to that of 
Franklin's Gazette." 

* Mr. Thomas says, 1732: It is true that his title of Postmaster does not appear 



Annual Discourse. 21 



undertaken by Franklin in the same year, was dis- 
continued after a short experience. Andrew Brad- 
ford's work, under the same name which he gave 
it, was revived by his nephew, Colonel William 
Bradford, in the year 1757. But all the early maga- 
zines had, like some of our own day, a short existence. 
It has been reserved for Peterson, Arthur and Godey, 
and last for Lippincott to give us a permanent litera- 
ture through this class of publications. Almanacs 
seem to have been a sort of literature more congenial 
to the taste of Philadelphians in that day. Of these 
Bradford published not less than seven, viz., Tay- 
lor's, Jerman's, Burkett's, Leed's, Titan's, Poor 
Robert's, Poor Will's, (rivals of Poor Richard's,) 
besides, at one time, a large sheet almanac. 

Independently of a more direct good influence 
upon the humble literature of those days, Bradford 
deserves respectful commemoration for his early lead 
in the way of importations from England, which 
were at least diffusing the savor of humanity and 
taste. While others are announcing* in horrid as 
in fit conjunction, "Lately imported, very likely 
negro men, boys and girls; rum, sugar and molasses," 
his advertisements are of "gilt paper for letters, fine 
glass ink founts, and very nice ink-stands ; Lillie's 

in his imprint till June 29, 1732, but see the Weekly Mercury of April 4, 17285 
where it is said that * the Post Office will be kept at the house of Andrew Bradford.' 
* Weekly Mercury, No. 768. 



22 Annual Discourse. 

Grammars; Boyer's French Grammar, and Coles* Eng- 
lish Dictionary; Virgilii Maroni Opera, Specta- 
tors, Tatlers and Guardians, of Bibles of several 
sizes, and large and small Common Prayers, of the 
Whole Duty of Man, Bishop Beveridge's Private 
Thoughts, and the Life of God in the Soul of- 
Man;" and in 1736, before the Province was will- 
ing to support the enterprise, he was trying to raise 
the religious contemplation of Friends to something 
more spiritualized than their mere material subjects, 
by publishing, in handsome octavo, Fenelon's Dis- 
sertation on Pure Love, with the Letters of Madame 
Guion.* 

The severe censorship of the press by the provincial 
government, of which Mr. Wallace has spoken so 
ably and fully in his address at New York, commem- 
orative of the elder Bradford,f and of which Mr. 
David Paul Brown, in his ForumX has also given 
some account, by no means ended with the earliest 
times of Pennsylvania. " We find," says Mr. Brown,§ 
"that in 1721 the finances of Pennsylvania having 
fallen into great disorder, some one had published a 
pamphlet entitled, 'Some Remedies Proposed for 
Restoring the Sunk Credit of the Province/ Andrew 



* Weekly Mercury, Nos. 882, 893, 1149. 

-j- Bradford Centenary, pp. 49—60. 

% The Forum, vol. 1, p. 271. 

I lb., p. 283. 



Annual Discourse, 23 

Bradford was now publishing his American Weekly 
Mercury ', and one of the persons in his office inserted 
in the number of January 2, 1721, the following 
paragraph on the same subject: 

"'Our General Assembly are now sitting, and we have great 
' expectations from them, at this juncture, that they will find 
c some effectual remedy to revive the dying credit of this 
c Province, and restore us to our former happy circumstances.' 

"On the 21st of February, 1721, Bradford was 
summoned for this short paragraph before the Pro- 
vincial Council. Declaring that he knew nothing 
of the printing or publishing of the pamphlet, and 
that the paragraph in the Mercury was inserted by 
his journeyman, who composed the said paper, with- 
out his knowledge, and that he was sorry for it, 
&c, he escaped having his press stopped or being 
himself prosecuted; but he did not escape without a 
charge from the Governor, for the future not to pub- 
lish anything relative to or concerning the affairs of 
this government, or any other of his Majesty's col- 
onies, without the permission of the Governor or 
Secretary for the time being. 

"He was dealt with more severely and made a 
much more vigorous stand a few years afterward. 
It being near the time of the annual elections, a 
communication was inserted in his journal on the 
tendency of power to perpetuate itself, and on the 
necessity of what has since come to be a favorite and 



24 Annual Discourse. 

familiar doctrine, occasional rotation in office. It 
forms No. 31 of the Busy Body, a series of essays 
begun by Franklin, in Bradford's Mercury, and 
afterwards continued by different hands. It was well 
written, and though bold in parts, an air of pleasantry 
took from it much aspect of malignity. Indeed the 
whole piece is subdued, below the standard even of 
orthodoxy in modern democratic politics, and con- 
tains much which deserves and would receive at all 
times, the admiration of every party. It was as fol- 
lows : 

'"To be friends of liberty, firmness of mind and public spirit 
'are absolutely requisite; and this quality, so essential and 
'necessary to a noble mind, proceeds from a just way of think- 
' ing that we are not born for ourselves alone, nor our own 
' private advantages alone, but likewise and principally for the 
' good of others and service of civil society. This raised the 
'genius of the Romans, improved their virtue, and made them 
' protectors of mankind. This principle, according to the 
' motto of these papers, animated the Romans — Cato and his 
' followers — and it was impossible to be thought great or good 
' without being a patriot ; and none could pretend to courage, 
' gallantry, and greatness of mind, without being first of all 
' possessed with a public spirit and love of their country." 

"The motto was from Lucan — 

" * Hoec duri immota Catonis secta fuit, 
Servare modum, finemque tueri ; 
Nee sibi sed toto genitum se credere mundo.' 

c< The editor had observed the free language of the 
communication, and, in presenting it, says that it 



Annual Discourse. 



was too good to be concealed, that he had repeatedly 
invited the learned and ingenuous to his assistance, 
and given proper caution to his correspondents, but that, 
not wishing to take credit for any others' labors, 
he published this piece unaltered. 

cc c When it appeared, the Governor made a special 
summons of the Council to lay the matter before 
them. Bradford was ordered to be immediately 
taken into custody, examined by the Mayor and 
Recorder of the City, and that his dwelling-house and 
printing office be searched for the written copy of 
said libel, so that the author be discovered, and 
that the Attorney-General commence a prosecution 
against the said Bradford, for printing and publish- 
ing the same.'* He was accordingly committed to 
prison, and bound over to the court. His paper of 
the following week, referring to the article, says it 
was supposed that enough had been said to introduce 
it without blame; that notwithstanding this it had 
given offence undesigned. It thinks that the matter 
had been misrepresented to the persons who con- 
ceived the rigorous usage necessary and aggravated. 
However, it gives a second article on the same 
subject, and, with some independence, declares that 
it had been written and was ready for press before the 
other was printed, and that it had not been enlarged, 

* Minutes of the Provincial Assembly Vol. III. p. 392. Weekly Mercury, No. 506. 



26 Annual Discourse. 



lessened, or altered, for what had happened upon 
publishing the other. What became of the case 
finally does not appear, but Bradford made no further 
apology or submission.* No interruption of his press 
or paper took place, and it had so good an effect 
on his reputation that he was soon afterwards elected 
a councilman of the city of Philadelphia. He con- 
tinued to hold this honorable position for the 
residue of life, a term of fifteen years. He was also 
elected a vestryman of Christ Church, an office, at 
that time especially, of high dignity, and generally 
conferred on men of the first social standing. To 
this responsible post he seems also to have been 
constantly reappointed as long as his health enabled 
him to attend to its duties.f 

" From this date some fixed ideas, originating from 
the press itself, began to be had about its liberty 
in Pennsylvania, and we find both newspapers and 
pamphlets commenting on the concerns of Govern- 
ment with far greater freedom than they had done 
before." 

Mr. Brown, in paying, as he does, the highest 
compliment to Andrew Hamilton's defence in New 
York of Zenger at a later date, shows clearly that 

* Weekly Mercury, No. 507. 

■f He was elected a vestryman of Christ Church on Easter Monday, April II, 
1726. The records show his re-election for eleven years, but after that term and 
until his last illness or death, they are wanting. His election to the City Councils of 
Philadelphia, was on the 3d of Octcber, 1727. 



Annual Discourse. 27 



Hamilton had learned these doctrines concerning the 
liberty of the press from the printers Bradford, on 
the soil of Pennsylvania. 

Andrew Bradford was twice married; in the latter 
instance in 1740, and, it is said, not very happily, to 
a lady of New York, named Cornelia Smith. She 
was remarkable for beauty and talents, but not so 
much so for the amenities which give to female 
charms their crowning grace. By a testamentary 
disposal of his considerable property he made, how- 
ever, a liberal provision for her support. He died, 
after an illness of some time, on the night of the 
24th of November, 1742, aged $6 years, and is 
interred in the burial-ground of Christ Church, in our 
own city, of which ancient and honored parish he 
was long a useful and active member. In Dr. Dorr's 
history of that church Bradford's name appears, in 
1729, as one of the largest contributors to the com- 
pletion of the church edifice. 

His death is announced in Franklin's Pennsylvania 
Gazette, and his own paper, which his widow conducted 
after his death, was suspended a week on the event, 
and appeared for the six following weeks in emblems 
of mourning. V'j 

Andrew Bradford appears to have been a practical, 
active, and useful man, of essential probity, well- 
regulated temper, and steady habits. His attention 
was given almost entirely to the sober interests of 



28 Annual Discourse. 

life, and to its important duties, and by industry, 
prudence, and integrity, says Mr. Thomas, in his 
History of Printing, "he increased his property, 
became easy in his circumstances, and preserved, in 
a considerable degree, the confidence of his fellow- 
citizens. " I believe that he left no male issue, and 
that the name in his line expired with him. 

The name of Andrew Bradford, and the character 
of his newspaper also, has descended to the common 
knowledge of our time, chiefly through the Autobi- 
ography of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, between whom 
and the elder Bradfords, through several generations, 
there was a hostility well-known to their contem- 
poraries — both in matters of personal interest and on 
questions of Provincial and Revolutionary politics. 
[The speaker having given some account of these, 
not entirely creditable to Franklin, proceeded:] 

If any question had ever come from a dispassionate 
source as to Bradford's having been bred to his 
profession, or of either his sufficient editorial capacity 
or his understanding of the mechanical parts of his 
art, it is answered by the issues which yet remain 
of his press. His Weekly Mercury, running through 
a long course of twenty-three years, speaks for itself. 
For the time of day when it was undertaken, this 
journal was creditable to the man whose enterprise 
planned and whose skill conducted it. Its foreign 
intelligence was various, full, and extensive, and 



Annual Discourse. 



brought before the colonists of America, with sur- 
prising regularity, the politics not only of London 
and Paris, but those of Rome, Vienna, and St. 
Petersburg; illustrating important battles, as that at 
Phillipsburg, reported in the Mercury of October 17, 
1734, with diagrams, not then, as now, made from 
wood and easily. 

Its domestic items were accurate, its occasional 
communications and its few obituaries good. It 
gave early, full and accurate reports of such pro- 
ceedings of the Colonial Assembly as the Govern- 
ment in its control of the press of that day allowed 
to be published. After the office of Postmaster to 
the Province gave to Bradford the opportunities of 
acquiring the most recent intelligence in the neigh- 
boring colonies, his paper contained it regularly and 
well-presented. In its mechanical department the 
Mercury was in advance of the state of the art in 
America. The paper on which it was printed was 
good.* Its type (which included a font of German)f 
was legible, and as the letters and cuts wore out they 
were manifestly replaced with new assortments. In- 
deed it is evident that many of its cuts were made 
expressly for it and for single advertisements. These, 



* It was chiefly of American manufacture, made at the celebrated Rittenhouse 
Paper Mill in Roxborough, the first paper mill ever erected in America. 

f See Nos. 928, 1014, 1020, 1-083. 



30 Annual Discourse. 

it is true, were not elegant, but they show how early 
Andrew Bradford led the way to this art in America, 
and they deserve to be remembered as evidences of 
his skill and enterprise.* How far Bradford was in 
advance of his time may be seen by a comparison of 
his Mercury with the thirty-nine numbers which re- 
main of Keimers Universal Instructor. When Franklin 
established his paper — the Pennsylvania Gazette — the 
Bradfords had been for nearly half a century before 
him leading the way to literature and art. And it 
was only after their well-planned and indefatigable 
labors had cleared away the obstructions which 
proved impassable to all less generous enterprise, 
that the celebrated representative of their common 
art appeared in the field, to gather, along with them, 
the fruits of their long-continued toil. His enter- 
prise was confessedly rival. His materials of all 
kinds were newly imported from England, and he 
was supported by the name and capital of the elder 
Meredith, whose son was engaged with him in their 
common though unsuccessful attempt to break down 
the only man who had been able to resist them. It 
is after this that Mr. Thomas, a candid and compe- 
tent judge, by way of describing the external character 

* See No. 747 for 'curious cuts of Liberty and Prosperity, and also Negro Boys ; 
No. 766 for the 'sign of Paracelcus' Head, over against the prison 5 ' No. 768, Three 
Negroes; No. 771, one of" News 5" Nos. 787 and 789, Runaways; No. 832, Sign of 
the Black Boy; and No. 1045, a Hair Dresser's Sign. 



Annual Discourse. 31 



of Bradford's enterprise, says: "The typography of 
the Mercury was equal to that of Franklin's Gazette."* 
Mr. Thomas is correct. Any person who is accus- 
tomed to the details of a printing office, will see that 
there is no difference in the character of the com- 
position, the Mercury being set up just as well as the 
Gazette. At the origin of the rival journal, when its 
printers' balls were new, clean, and soft, and its 
press supplied with ink freshly brought from Lon- 
don, the press-work of the new journal was better. 
But even the ownership of Franklin was no proof 
against wear and tear and dirt, nor against the usual 
results of them. When his rollers became hard 
and dirty, they took the ink unequally, like other 
rollers long in use, and "friars" and "monks" appear 
to have as little dread of the man who "belonged to no 
religion," as of the other more reverential, who 
worshipped all his days in Trinity or Christ Church. 
Independently of their newspapers, many issues of 
both presses yet remain, of which a comparison may 
be made. The edition of Bradford's Laws of 17 14, 
not as well printed as that of 1728, is but little 
inferior to one of the very best of his rival's books, 
the Lower County Laws, printed thirty-eight years 
later, when the art itself was greatly more advanced, 
and when the wealth of the Province and the increase 

* History of Printing, Vol. II, p. 326. 



32 Annual Discourse. 

of population had brought a certain return for orna- 
mental outlay. The same relative result will appear 
by comparing any other volumes which have the 
imprint of their respective offices. 

It is, indeed, a striking fact, and one indicative 
of the excellence, not to say the superiority, of 
Bradford's press, that, although Bradford was an 
active and devoted Churchman, and apparently in 
no respect specially sympathetic with the tastes or 
habits of the Society of Friends, (from whom, in- 
deed, his father, with a large body of the early 
colonists of Pennsylvania, had separated with ex- 
pressions of some asperity,) this Society, which was 
the most liberal and most enlightened and most 
constant patron of printing in Philadelphia, should 
have always supported him against all other rivals, 
including Franklin, who in so many respects con- 
formed to their discipline and tastes. "Some few 
works," says that accurate investigator, Mr. Nathan 
Kite, lately deceased, whose position as the keeper 
of the records of the ancient Arch street Meeting, 
gave him special advantages in examining such sub- 
jects, "were printed by Franklin and others, but 
Andrew Bradford did almost all the printing of the 
Society till his death in 1742."* 

In its literary department the Weekly Mercury was 
creditable and not inferior to the Pennsylvania Gazette. 

* The Friend, Vol. XVII., p. 45- 



Annual Discourse. 33 

Like all newspapers of that day, neither journal 
contained much that was either editorial or com- 
municated. Contrary to what might be supposed, 
Franklin wrote but little for his own journal. The 
best of his newspaper compositions, the different 
numbers of cc The Busy Body" appeared, as is 
known, in Bradford's Mercury, and many articles 
published in his own paper and reputed to be his, 
possess so little merit of any sort, that Mr. Sparks 
and others best acquainted with his writings, have 
doubted whether they were his.* 

In many instances the literary merits of the two 
papers are brought into immediate comparison by 
articles from week to week responding to each 
other. Those in the Mercury are generally equal 
to those in the Gazelle; sometimes above them in 
vigor and never inferior to them in propriety. 
While others, unwilling to be "too nice" in the 
choice of what they put before their readers, were 
ready, in order to promote its circulation, to make 
their paper the medium of a cynic philosophy, 
Bradford is entitled to our better praise. Not 
reposing in " the contempt of silence," which, he 
says, cc might be sufficient for such avowals, he 
declares to the world as the noble object of his 
aspiration, meditations which have a tendency to 

* Franklin's Works, Boston, 1840. Vol. II. pp. 278, 285, n. n. 



34 Annual Discourse. 

raise and refine human kind ; to remove it as far 
as possible from the unthinking brute ; to moder- 
ate and subdue men's unruly appetites ; to remind 
them of the dignity of their nature; to awaken 
and improve their superior faculties and direct them 
to their noblest objects. "* 

Andrew Bradford, as we have said, is buried in 
the grounds of Christ Church, to which parish he 
belonged, but no monument survives to record the 
resting-place of this benefactor to our city and State — 
the father of its newspaper press. Is this creditable 
to our Commonwealth, to our city, to our typo- 
graphical societies, or even to our Historical Society? 
We owe to his memory some memorial which 
should invite the "passing tribu-te " which is as- 
suredly his due. The character of the worthy dead 
deserves protection as much as that of the worthy liv- 
ing. Their virtues were as sterling as ours. They 
lived, and labored, and toiled amid difficulties unknown 
by us of the present age, and as they achieved their 
victories under circumstances which would cause 
many a one to fail, so their examples should never 
cease to animate all who come after them. A beau- 



* See No. 763, (August 15, 1734,) where Bradford censures with dignified moral 
sense some irreverent and vulgar communications in the Pennsylvania Gazette of the 
1st and 8th preceding. The editor of that paper had inserted them, as he tells 
his readers, because "by being too nice in the choice of little pieces sent him by 
correspondents, he had almost discouraged them from writing to him any more." 



Annual Discourse. 35 

tiful cenotaph erected by the piety of our own day, 
now marks the spot where long laid unhonored all 
that was mortal of Godfrey, the inventor of the quad- 
rant. The genius of Fulton is soon to receive, in 
the grounds of Trinity, New York, from a juster 
posterity, a monument which his own day had not 
the taste or the gratitude to erect. While in the 
highly civilized countries of Europe, even centuries 
are no bar to honors justly due. The Martyrs' 
Memorial at Oxford , the Monuments to Dante at 
Florence, no longer now "ungrateful;" the costly 
erection at Venice, near three centuries after his 
death, to the great master of the Venetian school, 
the immortal Titian — whose paintings everywhere 
around, one would say were monument enough ; and 
the statues of Gutenberg and Faust in the cities 
which claim their birth, tell us that it is ever time 
to pay to departed services and worth, the tribute 
of public acknowledgment and praise. 

Why, then, should not some memorial, even at 
this late day, be raised to the founder, in this city, 
of that great source of intelligence, the newspaper 
press, which now exercises an influence more extensive 
than any other efforts of the art ? 

True it is that neither statue, nor urn, nor ceno- 
taph can add to the real fame or the intrinsic merit 
of Andrew Bradford, and so long as the press of 
Philadelphia occupies the high position it does, and 



Annual Discourse. 



wields its mighty power on society at large — so long 
•as our newspapers are circulating their copies by 
hundreds . of thousands every day, penetrating the 
mansion of the rich and the cottage of the poor — 
giving to all alike, not only the current literature 
of the day, and every important event that hap- 
pens in the most distant parts of our country, but 
in the same issue enabling us also to know what 
is actually occurring in London, and Paris, and St. 
Petersburg — so long is the press of Philadelphia 
his monument. But the other sort of tribute is 
due as well, and this day should discharge a duty 
of which no earlier one has been able to feel in 
the vast powers of that press, so high an obligation. 



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